Download Substation Automation Systems Design and Implementation by Evelio Padilla

A number of technological changes have occurred in the substation environment over the last 30 years. Surge arresters built with metal oxide discs, circuit breakers isolated with SF6 gas, numerical protective relays and other novel products that appeared early in the 1980s, were quickly adopted without significant impact on substation design. A few years after, however, the incursion of digital technology caused a “jerk” in the field of substation secondary systems.