Substation Automation Systems Design and Implementation by Evelio Padilla

1 Historical Evolution of Substation Automation Systems (SASs)

2 Main Functions of Substation Automation Systems

3 Impact of the IEC 61850 Standard on SAS Projects

4 Switchyard Level, Equipment and Interfaces

5 Bay Level: Components and Incident Factors

6 Station Level: Facilities and Functions

7 System Functionalities

8 System Inputs and Outputs

9 System Engineering

10 Communication with the Remote Control Center

11 System Attributes

12 Tests on SAS Components

13 Factory Acceptance Tests

14 Commissioning Process

15 Training Strategies for Power Utilities

16 Planning and Development of SAS Projects

17 Quality Management for SAS Projects

18 SAS Engineering Process According to Standard IEC 61850

19 Future Technological Trends

A number of technological changes have occurred in the substation environment over the last 30 years. Surge arresters built with metal oxide discs, circuit breakers isolated with SF6 gas, numerical protective relays and other novel products that appeared early in the 1980s, were quickly adopted without significant impact on substation design. A few years after, however, the incursion of digital technology caused a “jerk” in the field of substation secondary systems. While young system engineers with a limited knowledge in substation‐related concepts have become engaged in development of the engineering process Substation Automation Systems (SASs) from the side of device manufacturers, experienced utilities personnel had to (and in some cases still need to) face up to many disconcerting and complex scenarios characterized by an unusual lexicon and a lot of abstract resources that are now being applied to define and implement control and monitoring functionalities in their substations.

This book intends to help both professional groups accomplish their responsibilities by giving them guidelines with respect to the scope and functions of SASs based on current technology, including requirements from Standard IEC 61850, as well useful details for dealing with various stages needed for SAS project development.

The material is organized into 19 chapters; Chapter 1 providing a brief review on how SAS has recently evolved, Chapter 2 outlines the purpose of the SAS as an essential part of the substation, in Chapter 3 the effects of Standard IEC 61850 on different stages of SAS projects are presented, Chapter 4 illustrates constructive and functional features of equipment that make up the primary power circuit, Chapter 5 introduces the characteristics of Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs) used for control and monitoring and describe briefly certain phenomenon able to affect in detrimental way the physical/functional integrity of such devices, Chapter 6 provides an overview of how the features and functions of devices installed into the main control house are used for controlling and monitoring the substation as a whole, Chapter 7 contains different SAS functionalities including switching commands and constraints like interlocking and blocking conditions, Chapter 8 shows the set of signals coming from different substation components that need to be managed by the SAS.

 Chapter 9 suggests how the SAS ought to be engineered, Chapter 10 covers the theory and practical principles that support a typical implementation needed for the substation control and monitoring from a remote master station, Chapter 11 describes a lot of items that may characterize the SAS structure including options for the network topology further to quality requirements and cyber‐security considerations, Chapter 12 contains recommendations regarding the tests to carry out on SAS components, Chapter 13 may serve as a baseline for programming and checking results of Factory Acceptance Tests (FATs) performed on representative SAS segments, Chapter 14 covers site testing scope and strategies, Chapter 15 proposes scope and sequence of training programs addressed to utilities personnel, Chapter 16 outlines how to deal with SAS projects, Chapter 17 offers a number of tips useful to help in getting timely acceptable SAS components and functionalities, Chapter 18 summarizes resources to be used and methodology to be followed for the engineering process according to Standard IEC 61850, and finally, Chapter 19 forecasts where control and monitoring technologies may go in the future.